Dry age-related macular degeneration is the most common form of the disease, affecting millions of older Americans, according to the National Eye Institute.
The condition develops when small yellow deposits, known as drusen, build up under the retina. Over time, the deposits damage cells in the macula — the part of the eye responsible for sharp, central vision.
Patients often experience blurred or distorted vision that gradually worsens.
Dry macular degeneration is the leading cause of vision loss among older adults in the United States, according to federal health data.
Experts say the disease has long posed a challenge because, until recently, no treatments were proven to improve vision.
First FDA-approved treatment slows progression
In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Sifovri, the first treatment for advanced dry age-related macular degeneration, also known as geographic atrophy.
The medication is delivered through injections into the eye.
While it does not restore lost vision, studies show it can slow the progression of the disease, helping preserve remaining eyesight.
Experimental treatments aim to restore vision
Researchers are now focusing on therapies that could go beyond slowing the disease and actually improve vision.
One clinical trial is testing injections of human retinal pigment epithelium cells, which support damaged retinal tissue. Early results show some patients have regained a level of vision — something doctors say has not been seen before with this condition.
Another approach involves an electronic eye implant paired with augmented reality glasses. The device is placed beneath the retina and provides “prosthetic vision.”
In early trials, researchers reported:
- 84% of participants could recognize letters, numbers and words
- Some patients improved enough to read multiple lines on a vision chart
- Several participants who previously could not see the chart gained measurable sight
